SEM analysis revealed a similar root surface pattern for the ultrasonic devices, but curettes showed many instrumental scratches, deep gouges, and a relatively large amount of dentin was removed. There were statistically significant differences between control and all the experimental groups (p 0.05), but for Rt and Ry, a significant difference was observed (p < 0.05) among hand instrumentation and ultrasonic devices. The results showed that residual deposits were similar in all tested groups: piezoelectric, 8.7% magnetostrictive, 9.7% hand instrumentation, 11.1% and control, 76.4%. After instrumentation, the teeth were extracted and the presence of residual deposits (roughness and root surfaces characteristics) were analyzed. Teeth were assigned to four experimental groups: group 1, piezoelectric ultrasonic device group 2, magnetostrictive ultrasonic device group 3, hand instrumentation and group 4, untreated teeth (control). Fourteen patients with 35 single root teeth designated for extraction were recruited to the present study. Future research in calculus may include the development of improved supragingival tartar control formulations, the development of treatments for the prevention of subgingival calculus formation, the development of improved methods for root detoxification and debridement and the development and application of sensitive diagnostic methods to assess subgingival debridement efficacy.The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of different ultrasonic instruments on the root surface.
Research shows that topically applied mineralization inhibitors can also influence adhesion and hardness of calculus deposits on the tooth surface, facilitating removal.
Clinical efficacy for these agents is typically assessed as the reduction in tartar area coverage on the teeth between dental cleaning. These agents act to delay plaque calcification, keeping deposits in an amorphous non-hardened state to facilitate removal with regular hygiene. Supragingival calculus formation can be controlled by chemical mineralization inhibitors, applied in toothpastes or mouthrinses. Calculus formation is the result of petrification of dental plaque biofilm, with mineral ions provided by bathing saliva or crevicular fluids. Removal of subgingival plaque and calculus remains the cornerstone of periodontal therapy. Research suggests that subgingival calculus, at a minimum, may expand the radius of plaque induced periodontal injury. As a result, we are not entirely sure whether subgingival calculus is the cause or result of periodontal inflammation. Despite extensive research, a complete understanding of the etiologic significance of subgingival calculus to periodontal disease remains elusive, due to inability to clearly differentiate effects of calculus versus "plaque on calculus". The method also includes using the dispensing gun to place a composition of paste A and paste B within the double barrel syringe through a mixing tip onto a tooth surface and interproximal areas along a gumline and/or subgingival areas. Subgingival calculus, in "low hygiene" populations, is extensive and is directly correlated with enhanced periodontal attachment loss. A method includes placing a double barrel syringe into a dispensing gun. In these populations, supragingival calculus is associated with the promotion of gingival recession.
#Subgingival calculus removal professional
In populations that do not practice regular hygiene and that do not have access to professional care, supragingival calculus occurs throughout the dentition and the extent of calculus formation can be extreme. Subgingival calculus formation in these populations occurs coincident with periodontal disease (although the calculus itself appears to have little impact on attachment loss), the latter being correlated with dental plaque. Levels of supragingival calculus in these populations is minor and the calculus has little if any impact on oral-health. In populations that practice regular oral hygiene and with access to regular professional care, supragingival dental calculus formation is restricted to tooth surfaces adjacent to the salivary ducts. Levels of calculus and location of formation are population specific and are affected by oral hygiene habits, access to professional care, diet, age, ethnic origin, time since last dental cleaning, systemic disease and the use of prescription medications. A viable dental plaque covers mineralized calculus deposits. Dental calculus is calcified dental plaque, composed primarily of calcium phosphate mineral salts deposited between and within remnants of formerly viable microorganisms. Dental calculus, both supra- and subgingival occurs in the majority of adults worldwide.
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